Some aspects of the evolution of vertebrate acid-base regulation.

Preferential intracellular pH regulation: hypotheses and perspectives.

The regulation of vertebrate acid-base balance during acute episodes of elevated internal PCO2  is typically characterized by extracellular pH (pHe) regulation. Changes in pHe are associated with qualitatively similar changes in intracellular tissue pH (pHi) as the two are typically coupled, referred to as 'coupled pH regulation'. However, not all vertebrates rely on coupled pH regulation; inst...

REGULATION OF ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS BY THE KIDNEY

A Review on Environmental aspects of geothermal energ

New energy technologies, along with the benefits, are associated with challenges and Difficulties. Geothermal energy as one of the renewable energies is a clean and sustainable energy source, yet its development still has some impact on the environment such as: greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, surface and groundwater contamination, subsidence, and seismicity. This paper provides a bri...

P-84: Characterization of Androgen Receptor Structure and Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of the Rice Field Eel

Background: Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer and male sexual differentiation.Mechanisms by which AR acts and regulations of AR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling are not understood well. Materials and Methods: Degenerate PCR and RACE Cloning of AR Gene; Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Modeling;Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative RT-PCR; Northern Blot Hybridization;In ...

Evolution of developmental regulation in the vertebrate FgfD subfamily.

Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) encode small signaling proteins that help regulate embryo patterning. Fgfs fall into seven families, including FgfD. Nonvertebrate chordates have a single FgfD gene; mammals have three (Fgf8, Fgf17, and Fgf18); and teleosts have six (fgf8a, fgf8b, fgf17, fgf18a, fgf18b, and fgf24). What are the evolutionary processes that led to the structural duplication and fu...